April 11, 1689 – Mary Follows William of Orange in Death

After contracting an illness that historians believe to be smallpox, Mary Stuart, wife of the previously deceased Dutch Stadtholder William of Orange, died in prison after attempting to usurp her father, James II of England and VII of Scotland.

The Stuarts had only recently been returned to the throne after the Civil War in which James' father Charles I had been beheaded in 1649. Oliver Cromwell and his Protestant Parliamentarians had dominated, but their oppressive policies caused England to wish for the more peaceful days of royalty. Charles II was invited back to the throne in 1660 after Cromwell's son Richard gave up the Protectorate. The Stuarts enjoyed renewed stability and worked to defend the rights of Catholics, one of many minorities suppressed by Puritan Britain.

During Charles' reign, 1660 to 1685, much of the government's power rested in the hands of the increasingly Anglican Parliament. Puritanism fell out of favor, and the Anglican Book of Common Prayer became the mandatory base for services. Charles and his brother James proved popular as the king granted licenses for theaters for the first time in decades and both served firsthand during the Great Fire of London in 1666. Still, James had converted to Catholicism while in exile in France, and the standing government worked to limit any Catholic power, even blaming the Great Fire and attempted assassinations on Catholics. The thought of another Catholic king made Parliament nervous enough to introduce an Exclusion Bill removing James from the line of succession. Charles reacted by dissolving Parliament time and again to stop such a bill from passing. The political chaos put stress on social tempers as well as the economy, which struggled under rapidly changing taxation laws.

In 1685, Charles died suddenly, and James proved a capable, if unyielding, king. His policies were strong, pro-French, and held remarkably modern ideals of religious tolerance, which endeared him with the disenfranchised religious minorities and those seeking a stable government. Others sought to dethrone him, and James had to put down two rebellions attempting to crown his illegitimate nephew, who, as Charles’ son, was considered a “rightful” heir to the throne. In 1688, James’ son James Francis Edward was born, assuring the continuance of Catholic kings. Opponents had been hopeful that James’ daughter Mary, Protestant and wife of the popular Dutch hero William of Orange, would succeed him and now became desperate.

William had fought for years alongside other European nations to stymie growing French power under Louis XIV. He saw no way to ensure a check over the French than by the English Royal Navy at sea. James had vowed neutrality in the Continental wars with France, and not even William’s many envoys could persuade him otherwise. He determined the only way to affect English policy was to control it himself.

With encouragement from English opposition to James’ forceful attempts to repeal the Test Act, William gathered strength in the Dutch Republic. When the French were distracted in Germany, William crossed the Channel with some 15,000 men. It was calculated that James’ army were over 30,000, but any sign of victory would prompt a wave of support to go to the Protestants. William advanced slowly, hoping to erode the peoples’ belief in James. The trick seemed to work as rioters in London targeted Catholics. Nobles such as Lord Churchill of Eyemouth and James’s own daughter Anne deserted.

Seeing the riot reminded James of the chaos of the Great Fire. The flames consumed houses regardless of religion, and men had come together to fight them. It was not until afterward that loud mouths had blamed Catholics, despite the truth being a poorly doused bakery oven. James had led Londoners then, and he determined to do it again even though his troops seemed unsure in their willingness. He gathered his most loyal men and charged after William. The Dutchman was caught seemingly by surprise and knew that retreat would lose him a great deal of public opinion even though drawing the war out over the winter would surely ruin James’s position. The two armies met outside Reading, both sides joined by supporters from the city. Despite relentless assaults, the Royal army did not seem able to break the Dutch until an errant cannonball crashed near William and killed him with shrapnel.

Without their paycheck, the Dutch mercenary army collapsed. James returned to London triumphant and forced the repeal of the Test Act, creating a new Parliament with a much wider base as anyone, not just Anglicans, could hold offices. James spent the next two years putting down minor revolts using loyal troops from Ireland and Scotland, whose nobles he rewarded handsomely. His daughters, Mary and Anne, were placed in the Tower of London, where both would live out the rest of their fairly short lives. English efforts continued against the Dutch abroad and gradually supported a French-led Continent.

James II died in 1701, giving the throne to the thirteen-year-old James III, who ruled until 1766. Early in his reign, the several crowns of Britain became the United Kingdom by order of Parliament, which had incorporated Ireland among its peers. His younger counterpart in France, Louis XV, ruled from 1715 until 1774. Gradually French and English relations cooled with the demise of the Dutch Empire at French hands and the later weakening of French power during the rise of Prussia. James’s son Charles, the “Bonnie Prince,” spent much of his adventurous youthful years abroad in the colonies, where he became very popular. As Charles III, ruling until 1788, he expanded Parliament to accept petitions and approve seats from the colonies after disputes over self-rule, largely settled by public letters written by his lifelong friend Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Four-year-old Charles IV succeeded his grandfather to the throne and ruled until 1854, overseeing the American and East Indian rebellions over the issue of slavery and the beginnings of nationalistic revolts in Europe. Britain’s history of tolerance made it immune to much of the early turmoil, but its humanism took an ugly turn as eugenics sought to manage scientifically the best people.

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In reality, James chose to abandon England after Anne’s desertion. He attempted to stall William with proposals of peaceful decisions by Parliament, but when he was discovered trying to sneak out of London to France, William handily won full public support. Mary was placed on the throne alongside William, who demanded to be made co-ruler and ruled alone until succession by his sister-in-law Anne in 1702. Neither sister produced an heir, resulting in the British crown being handed to the vehemently Protestant German House of Hanover in 1714.

October 14, 1066 - Welsh Forces Overwhelm Normans at Hastings

In 1055, the King of Wales Gruffydd ap Llywelyn and King of England Edward the Confessor reached agreement that would ensure peace between their two nations.

Gruffydd had worked for his entire life piecing together the warring bands of Wales. He grew up as the lazy son of King Llywelyn ap Seisyll, the ruler of both Gwynedd and Powys who had been usurped. One New Year's Eve, he was driven into the streets by his frustrated sister to find something to do. He began loitering around the kitchens, where he heard a cook muttering about a piece of meat in the stew that kept floating to the top and had to be continually pushed back down to cook. The meat became an odd inspiration that changed his life, and he dedicated himself to achievement. Gruffydd took back rule of Powys and soon stormed Gwynedd to the north. Over the years, he stitched together the Welsh kingdoms while beating back invaders such as Danes, Normans, and English, especially the Mercians just to the east.

War with England came time and again. Welsh raids infuriated English, who counterattacked readily. When Aelfgar (husband of the famed Lady Godiva) was exiled from East Anglia and formed an army to retake his earldom in 1055, Gruffydd volunteered to join him. After they had substantial success raiding Hereford, Edward the Confessor's favorite Harold Godwinson was given an army and charged to defeat the invaders. The two allies retreated, and Harold managed to end the war through diplomacy.

A tenuous peace was struck until the death of Aelfgar in 1062. Rumors spread that Harold was eager for revenge. The aging Gruffydd determined that peace had benefited his country and sued for lasting peace. Despite intrigues plotted by Harold, Edward the Confessor, himself aged, decided that the English could use a stable ally on Britain rather than a series of weak traditional kingdoms. On his deathbed in 1066, while proclaiming Harold his successor, Edward ordered him to vow never to begin unprovoked war with Wales.

The diplomatic move proved a Godsend. While Harold held claim to the throne as legal successor, other potential kings rose up from Europe. Duke William II of Normandy gained approval from the Church to seize England; Harold organized an army on the Isle of Wight to meet him, but the Norman never showed, claiming bad winds. Meanwhile, in the north, Harold's brother Tostig and the latter-day Viking Harald Hardrada invaded with victories over locals. Harold raced from London and defeated them at Stamford Bridge on September 25.

While Harold was in the north, William appeared in the south. Harold began to march his army southward, but his troops were exhausted and many of them, conscripted peasants, deserted to return home for the harvest. Although Harold felt he could defeat William on his own, his council advised calling fresh reinforcements from their ally, Gruffydd of Wales. Begrudgingly, Harold did.

At the Battle of Hastings, the Welsh were instrumental in defeating the Normans. Norman cavalry assaulted the English shield-wall time and again, which may have crumbled if not for the surprise flanking charge done by the swift Welsh troops who had been well practiced fighting Normans. William retreated to Normandy, and Norman attention would shift southward to the rest of France and the Mediterranean. Harold affirmed himself as king and became a proud defender of Gruffydd. The English and Welsh royalty would intermarry, strengthening the alliance of both countries.

The English, Welsh, and Scots would play instrumental roles in the Crusades, all the while battling each other in wars that kept Britain largely in balance. Each would take turns at attempts to conquer Ireland with varying degrees of success. While the rest of Europe later enjoyed the Renaissance, Britain would lag behind despite a surge of technical development in Scotland from the Knights Templar hosted by the excommunicated Robert the Bruce. England followed suit after the Dutch in building an overseas empire, along with temporary colonies started by the Welsh and Scottish. but these were far outpaced by those of continental Europe, especially France, Spain, and Portugal.

In the modern era, Britain enjoyed a great deal of economic growth due to its mines rich with coal and iron. As world attention left Spain and France focusing on Germany and Russia, Britain became a quiet region of Europe known for light manufacturing and tourism in its several countries.


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In reality, the peace between England and Wales was far more delicate. Upon Aelfgar's death in 1062, Harold ambushed Gruffydd, who managed to escape only to be murdered by his own men. Normans under William the Conqueror would seize England and begin the process of uniting Britain by war and Parliamentary acts. Edward I of England completed the lasting conquest of Wales in 1283.

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Based upon an idea originally posted on Today in Alternate History.

Guest Post from Today in Alternate History: What if Ivan the Terrible's son Dmitry didn't die?

In 1591,on May 15 in the courtyard of the Uglich Fortress, Maria Nagaya frustrated a brutal assassination attempt by Boris Godunov's agents to kill her ten year son Dmitry Ivanovich, the Tsarevich of Russia. 

Following the death of her husband Ivan the Terrible, the Regency Council had moved them to safety one hundred miles north of Moscow in the fortress on the on the Volga River. Uglich was a backwater of the new Imperium, a border town of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, it was burned several times by Lithuanians, Tatars, and the grand prince of Tver.

But now, seven years later, Godunov was making a powerplay to establish himself as the first non-Rurikid tsar. This involved a bloodthirsty plot to remove the Ivanovich dynasty who were vulnerable because Ivan the Terrible had killed his eldest son in a fit of rage, and his two surviving sons the intellectually disabled Feodor and the infant Ivan of Uglich (to distinguish him from another child called Ivan who died in infancy in 1553)).Instead, a new Regent was appointed and Dmitry later succeeded to the throne upon his maturity [1].

Viewed in retrospective over the following centuries, the assumption of a strongman might well have benefited the Empire which now began to exhibit many of the ill-fated characteristics of the history of Uglich. Of course it is impossible to determine with certainty whether Godunov was a destructive character of pure evil or rather a potential savour willing to get his hands dirty for the good of Russia. Perhaps such a "knight in rusty armour" - or even a dynastic handover say to the Romanovs - might well have been a blessing because what happened next was that Ivan the Terrible's line set about destroying the patriarch's legacy. Nevertheless the preservation of his line was understandable, after all, he had reorganized the Russian hierarchy during his development from Grand Prince of Moscow to Tsar of all the Russias. But what was left being was a vassal state easily manipulated by Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish interests with the Orthodox Church rising the fill the vacuum of authority.

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In reality the 10-year old boy was found dead with his throat cut in the palace courtyard. [1] in reality his death passed the line to his younger brother Ivan; he died in 1583, Gordunov became Tsar.

First posted on Today in Alternate History

Guest Post from Today in Alternate History: Voynich Manuscript Decoded

In 1941, quite by chance Her Majesty's Government discovered that the secret collection of occult artifacts of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II had fallen into the hands of the Nazis.

Using techniques developed by their counter-parts in Poland, expert decoders at the Bletchley Park Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) had unraveled the mysteries of the German Enigma Programme. This enabled HMG to study traffic between Nazi High Command and in particular, present the keys to victory in the Battle of the Atlantic where U-Boats were travelling in packs and threatening to starve the country in submission by sinking British shipping.

By way of entertainment, the team had attempted to decode the undecipherable Voynich Manuscript. Not only had this defeated all previous such attempts, but it was widely considered to be gibberish created by medieval forgers who sought to separate the foolish monarch Rudolf II from his money. This was mainly because there was no character repetition that would permit a one-to-one translation. Some members of GC&CS believed that the manuscript was actually legimate and that rogue characters had been introduced to obscure the translation. Perhaps, they speculated, a overlaying decoding device might be placed on top of the manuscript, blocking certain characters and thereby permitting non-gibberish translation. Or so they speculated.

In the most insidious development of the war, Military Intelligence intercepted a document sent by Heinrich Himmler to Adolf Hitler .. written in the Voynich Dialect. The implication was that Himmler must have obtained a overlaying decoding device. Or worse, because John Dee and his assistant Edward Kelley had claimed to have using a scrying glass to communicate with angels using the so-called Enochian Code. It appeared that such a device might enable the conversion Enochian Code into Voynich Dialect. Impulsive war-lead Winston Churchill demanded a series of options ranging from a commando assault on Himmler's headquarters through to the counter-forgery of a message that might expose the underlying decyphering mechanism. Accordingly, master spy Ian Fleming was recalled from Washington, and a project team quickly assembled with the orders to "expect the unexpected".  

To be continued. (originally posted on Today in Alternate History)

April 10, 1815 - Mount Tambora Merely Burps

Over the course of the 1810s, a string of volcanic eruptions spewed layer upon layer of debris into the atmosphere. In 1812, volcanoes in the Caribbean and Indonesia began the darkening of the skies. They were joined by a volcano in Japan in 1813 and another in the Phillipines in 1814. After rumblings in Indonesia around Mount Tambora, locals were worried about another major eruption. Fortunately, the volcano merely spat out a small cloud and then settled back to dormancy.

The world took little notice as beautiful weather settled in that summer. Following years of poor crops, the harvest was good. The next summer, 1816, was even more glorious, and record crops prompted it to be dubbed "The Year of Summer." It was believed to be a gift from God following the end of untold human destruction that plagued Europe and North America in the Napoleonic Wars. The skies were noted as being delightfully blue, a color that later played great importance in the landscape paintings of J.M.W. Turner.

The Golden Summer was noted by the Romantic writers, particularly Lord Byron, John William Polidori, and the Shelleys, who vacationed in Switzerland that summer.  They spent weeks hiking in the mountains, swimming in streams, and exploring valleys.  The inspiration from nature caused them to promote English literature leaving behind the dark tales of the Gothic and focus on bright exploits. Lord Byron suggested they write the most adventurous stories they could.  While Byron and Percy Shelley produced a number of exciting poetry, Polidori and Mary Shelley became famous for their works. Influenced by Byron’s reference to a great explorer in fantastical lands like those out of Sinbad and the Thousand and One Nights, Polidori reinvigorated the fantasy hero as had been seen in Baron Munchausen and Cyrano de Bergerac. Later authors such as Bram Stoker would add their own swashbuckling agents of fortune in foreign lands to the popular genre. Mary Shelley, meanwhile, produced a vision of science reinvigorating the dead, making for a world populated by men and women hundreds of years old. Her science fiction inspired other authors, and later inventors, to follow suit in imagining and creating better worlds.

On a more widespread level, with plentiful oats and a sudden burst of the horse population, the cost of owning horses drastically fell. Families that had never before been able to own horses during the thin years of the wars could now afford several. Horse-riding and travel expanded throughout Europe and the rest of the world, prompting German inventor Karl Drais to perfect road designs created by Scot John Loudon Macadam by combining drainage with the French ideals of smaller surface stones and the Arabian use of oil tar to bind materials together. Within decades, the roads in Europe cut travel time to days rather than weeks.

The warm weather also contributed to the growth of northern populations, particularly the American Northeast. Following the Hartford Convention and the embarrassment of suggesting separate peace after the War of 1812 had ended, the Federalist Party struggled to recreate its identity. Rufus King narrowly lost his bid in New York against Democratic-Republican Daniel D. Tompkins in April of 1816, and Federalist leaders determined to create a platform that would win over New Yorkers as a battleground. When Tompkins began running for Vice-President of the United States that fall, the Federalists successfully spun the Democratic-Republicans as ignoring home in place of nationalistic fervor. Their calls for stronger home-rule moderated them, and the party reaffirmed itself in the North on national economic investment policies with libertarian local law. Home-rule on social issues such as slavery later broke the Democratic-Republican party into two, creating the three main political forces in the United States. Each was largely regional with the Democrats in the South, Republicans in the middle, and the Federalists in the Northeast.  National politics suddenly required a cross-party coalition to perform any political action.

Federalist leader and Governor of Vermont Joseph Smith helped maintain the unity of the party in the North and successfully expanded it with pro-Westward expansion politics.  He found allies among the Republicans who were eager for settlement of land without slavery.  The Democrats fought to expand slavery but ultimately were squelched by national ideals.  Some Democrats called for secession to defend self-rule, but the Civil War of 1856-58 brought them back into the fold.

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In reality, Mount Tambora's eruption was massive, ejecting more than one hundred thousand cubic kilometers of tephra (volcanic debris), four times the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull that grounded European air travel for several days. So much ash went into the atmosphere that it is estimated the average global land temperature dropped by nearly 1 degree C. Nearly three hundred thousand people died in the resulting famine due to August frosts, disease due to migrating population, and flooding. Combined with years of low solar activity known as the Dalton Minimum, Tambora enabled 1816 to be called the "Year Without Summer." The famine did have other effects, such as depopulating Joseph Smith’s home state of Vermont, Drais’s creation of a precursor to the bicycle, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Polidori’s “The Vampyre.”

Guest Post by Matt Mitrovich: Arab Union

The Arab Union celebrated its 97^th anniversary this month, its birthday being the day the Arab Revolt (1916-1918) began against the Ottoman Empire. Initiated by the Sherif Hussein bin Ali, patriarch of the Hashemite family and Sharif and Emir of Mecca, to stop an increasingly nationalistic Ottoman Empire and secure an independent Arab state. To do this Hussein secured an alliance with the United Kingdom who promised to recognize the Arab independence in an area running from the 37th parallel near the Taurus Mountains on the southern border of Turkey, to be bounded in the east by Persia and the Persian Gulf, in the west by the Mediterranean Sea and in the south by the Arabian Sea.

Buoyed by defections of Arab units to the rebel’s cause, armies led by Hussein's sons, the Emirs Ali and Faisal, drove the Ottomans north ending the Revolt with the capture of Damascus. The city became the coordinating center of the Arab nationalist movement, as it was seen as the birthplace of the ideology and soon the official capital of the Arab Union in 1919 with the first elections for the National Congress.

The existence of the Arab Union was in doubt in its first years. Despite the promises the British made to Hussein, the UK had also promised to divide the former territories of the Ottoman Empire with France in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement. Fear of fighting the well-organized and battle-hardened Arab armies, along with lobbying from Arab Revolt veteran T.E. Lawrence and pressure from the United States to prevent the spread of European Imperialism, the British government eventually chose to honor their promises to Hussein. France was mollified thanks to a generous trade agreement that would prevent the British from squeezing them out of the Middle East entirely.

With its independence secured from foreign threats, the nascent Union now had to deal with domestic issues that threatened to tear it apart. At this stage Arab nationalism was not yet a mass movement, even in Syria where it was strongest. Many Arabs gave their primary loyalty to their religion or sect, their tribe, or their own particular governments. In fact many of the tribes that had fought for the Hashemites in the Arab Revolt had done so because of British gold instead and not ideological reasons.

There was also the competing ideology of Pan-Islamism which found a patron in the powerful and fundamentalist Saud family who controlled the Sultanate of Nejd. Furthermore, the Arab Union had inherited a large number of minorities, such as the Copts, Berbers, Turks, Jews, Iranians, Maronites and others who feared they would be discriminated against in a new Union ruled predominantly by Arab Muslims.

The Hashemites worked to provide a more liberal, secular, and pro-British alternative that most Arabs and the other religious and ethnic groups could accept. In 1920, the National Congress approved a new constitution that created a constitutional monarchy under the Hashemites with Hussein becoming the first King. Encouraged by his sons, Hussein in 1924 established the Sharifian Caliphate and abdicated all of his secular titles (including King of all Arabs) to his eldest son Ali. Ali would reign until 1935 when he was succeeded by 'Abd al-Ilah. He reigned until 1980 when he was succeeded by his son Ali II, who is the current monarch of the Union. Relations between the Crown and the Caliph have usually been cordial, but separate, allowing non-Muslims to feel they had a voice whenever they felt pressure from the Islamic majority.

Although Ali was King, his more active, younger brothers came to be the power behind the throne and helped build the strong federation the Arab Union would become. Faisal bin Hussein sought to create an Arab government based on justice and equality for all Arabs regardless of religion. Faisal fostered unity between Sunni and Shiite to promote pan-Arabism. As leader of the Arab Independence party (a leftist party with socialist principles and strongly opposed Western political involvement in the Arab world), Faisal tried to diversify the government by including different ethnic and religious groups in political offices. Though Faisal was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Arab nationalism and independence, not religion, was his main motivation. He even managed to have Congress approve the controversial Faisal–Weizmann Agreement that allowed Jewish immigration in Palestine. Jewish settlement in the region remained a trickle until Nazi persecution of European Jews escalated.

Faisal’s brother Abdullah, however, was more of an autocrat and headed the monarchist faction, known as Sharifian party. It was named after the old supporters of Sharif Hussein and was made up of larger number of Revolt veterans who distrusted the young, idealists who had come to power in Damascus. The Sharifian party also had the support of some of the richest and most powerful men in Arabia who opposed the reforms of the Arab Independents that sought to abolish what they called “feudalism”. The Sharifian party eventually took control of the National Congress in the next election. Abdullah, however, was still more moderate then the Pan-Islamist alternative parties in the Congress and worked with his brother Faisal to help push through various comprises that kept the Union together.

The Arab Union slowly expanded over the 1920s. In 1922, to avoid a potentially bloody revolt in Egypt, the British let the country join the Union, as long as the Suez Canal remained under British control. In 1925, the Arab Union and its ally Al Rashid united the Arabian Peninsula after the Sultanate of Nejd was defeated and annexed, driving the Saud family into exile. This was a major blow to Pan-Islamism, but it couldn’t have been accomplished without arms from Europe which worried many Arab nationalists. Throughout the rest of the 1920s and 30s the Arab Union sought to secure its economic independence from Europe by investing profit made from oil exports into local industry. Funds were also used to develop desert motor routes and pipelines as new oil fields were discovered.

Although the Union managed to weather the Great Depression better than most parts of the world, it did not escape the political changes the economic crisis caused. A new political party arose known as the Renaissance Party, which combined fascism with an extreme version of Arab nationalism. The Renaissance Party opposed the liberal Arab Independence Party and considered the Sharifian party traitors. They gained strong support in Palestine by demanding the end of all Jewish settlement there and in many rural, tribal areas that wish to maintain their traditions. Some Renaissance leaders even demanded “racial purity” and were strong supporters of the Nazis in Germany. Many Renaissance supporters were involved in violent acts not just against Jews, but other non-Arabs and non-Muslims throughout the Union, threatening the unity the Hashemites had created.  The coming of World War II, however, would forever change the Union.

The Arab Union tried to remain neutral when World War II started; however with the British controlled Suez Canal deep in their territory, it was only a matter of time before they would be drawn into the war. On September 9, 1940 Italy launched an offensive into Egypt with the goal of securing the Suez Canal. The Italians expected only light resistance from the Arabs and even assumed the Renaissance party would stage a coup and bring the Union into the Axis powers. The Arab forces, however, blunted the Italian advance and by February 1941 were in central Libya. The hopes of a Renaissance revolt were dashed and except for some pro-Axis rioting in Baghdad, the population of the Union rallied against the invaders. What support the Renaissance party had dried up as their leaders were discredited for their past connections with Italy and Germany.

Despite German reinforcement under Erwin Rommel, Arab and British forces were able to secure all of North Africa from Morocco to Libya by 1943. The Arabs were supportive of the British “soft underbelly” strategy and participated in the invasion of Italy and the offensive into the Balkans after Turkey joined the allies. Despite the influx of British and American troops, movement into Europe was slow and there was fear that the Soviets would drive straight toward the English Channel.

This nightmare scenario was prevented by the use of the first atomic bomb (called the “Fist of Allah”) in Italy in 1944. It destroyed the Gothic Line and ended the stalemate there and led to large revolts across Europe against Nazi occupation in fear it would be used on their cities. The bomb had been developed by Jewish German scientists who had fled Germany and had urged the Hashemite family to put their support behind a secret project to build the first bomb. Thanks to the use of the weapon, the Arabs defeated Germany and saved western and southern Europe from being overwhelmed by the advancing Soviets, although they were forced to accept Soviet occupation of North Germany.

The end of World War II fundamentally changed the Arab Union. The creation of the atomic bomb began an arms race after the United States (1947) and the Soviet Union (1949) tested their atomic weapons. Meanwhile the start of the Cold War brought the Union into the larger world and caused friction between them and their allies. The Arab Union refused to turn over the territories they occupied in North Africa over to Britain or France and allowed the areas to declare independence and be accepted their membership in the Union. This influx of new people and cultures, including a large minority of French in Algeria, forced the Union to secularize itself more for the sake of domestic peace.

Meanwhile, a wedge was driven between the Union and the United States over the handling of the Cantonese War. The final break came about after Arab Independence candidate Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected president in 1954. On the domestic front Nasser enacted many far-reaching secular reforms driving the Sharifian party toward the right and pushing the Hashemite family out of politics. On the foreign front he successfully forced Britain to cede the Suez Canal, Kuwait, Aden and other British territories in the Middle East to the Arab Union. With relations with the West at an all time low, Nasser broke the Union’s alliance with the United States and formed Concert of Allied Democracies  with Yugoslavia, Indonesia, Ghana and India to act as a third choice between NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

The 1970s marked significant economic reforms in the Arab Union which finally ended the feudalism like conditions that plagued the Union since its inception and broke the power of the tribes. The “Arab Miracle” as it has been called helped turn the Arab Union into the world’s second largest economy. Despite its successes, the Arab Union has experience considerable unrest caused from a variety of sources. On one side there is the growing feminist movement which seeks to ensure a greater role for women in the Union. The infamous headscarf burnings of the 1960s gained worldwide fame and inspired women across the Union to demand more freedoms. Furthermore, the Union disastrous intervention in the Somali Civil War in the 1990s not only cost the Union a large amount of lives, but also hurt the Union’s reputation among black Africans who feel underrepresented in the Union. This anti-Union sentiment is chiefly felt in places like southern Sudan which has a large and powerful secessionist movement which always manages to elect a handful of representatives to the National Congress.

With the collapse of Soviet Union in 1985, the Union’s greatest foreign threat is the United States of America. Competition with two superpowers, one atheist and the other Islamic, fundamentally changed the United States which became more Christian and conservative in response to foreign influences. The election of Pat Robertson of the Christian Reform party in 1988 began the process of turning the United States into a one-party state that promoted deregulation of industry and extreme social conservatism.

The United States has also been accused of supporting various neo-Crusader organizations. These anti-Muslims terrorist groups seek to stop the spread of Islam and are prevalent in the Americas and Europe. The most well-known group, the Knights Templar, has claimed responsibility for the deadly Beirut bombings of 2002 that cost the lives of 21 people. Although the United States has denied any involvement, it has strained relationships between the two superpowers and undermined several attempts to negotiate various nuclear disarmament treaties.

Despite some setbacks, the Arab Union today acts as a beacon of tolerance and democracy across the world. Its history is evidence that Western Imperialism and Soviet Communism is not the answer to world peace and unity. Its political, military and cultural ties have helped bring together the diverse nations of Europe, Asia and Africa and it is only a matter of time before the Americas are also free of the cultural tyranny that dominates them now.

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In OTL, the Ottomans kept most of their Arab units away from the revolt, thus the Arabs were highly dependent on British help to defeat the Turks. Following the Arab Revolt, the Middle East was partitioned between Britain and France. Hashemite attempts to unite the Arabs failed and the family fell into obscurity. Although Arab states eventually did gain independence, they have experienced significant periods of civil unrest, religious strife and foreign invasion. Although the Arab Spring has caused some to hope for a better future, many fear the dangers of fundamentalist rule over the new democracies.

 Matt Mitrovich is the founder and editor of Alternate History Weekly Update and a blogger for Amazing Stories. His new story "The Enchanted Bean" can be found in Once Upon a Clockwork Tale from Echelon Press. When not writing he works as an attorney, enjoys life with his beautiful wife Alana and prepares for the inevitable zombie apocalypse. You can follow him on Facebook or Twitter.