September 12, 1846 – Robert Browning's Heart is Broken

Robert Browning was in love in a girl named Elizabeth Barrett. They were both poets and had been introduced to each other at an informal party, beginning a relationship from there. Elizabeth's father did not believe in marriage for his children, and she had been kept at home as a semi-invalid already 40 years old. Despite being six years her junior, Robert saw so much more in her and swore his love. He courted her secretly for over a year, planning to elope with her and escape to Italy like his hero Percy Shelley. As he proposed, Elizabeth dreamily agreed, but the fear of her father finally made her turn Robert away with the poem “It Cannot Be” explaining them as star-crossed lovers that would never work.

Browning, more brokenhearted than even his own poetic words could tell, fled London to Italy alone. The Italian landscape revived his thoughts of the Romantic Poets he had always adored, but now he felt nothing except betrayal. Letters to Elizabeth showed him filled with rage, unable to expend it in any useful manner besides writing and destroying things that were beautiful, which he now found ultimately meaningless. Most famously, his monologue “What I've Done” told of his burning of Shelley's works in a bonfire that destroyed his rented Italian cottage. Fleeing lenders in Italy, Browning came to Germany and continued to write in what he dubbed “Grunge”, a portmanteau of the terms “grubby” and “dingy,” since that was now all he could see in the world.

In 1848, weakened and distraught over her crushing of Robert's love, Elizabeth died. The news, sent to him by her sister Henrietta, caused another upheaval in Browning's writing. He turned away from utter destruction and took aim at the social leaders who seemed “so polished atop a hill of writhing pain” (“The Generals”). Many critics suspect that Robert wanted to reawaken interest in Elizabeth's older works on social responsibility, thus bringing her back to him as well as finding redemption for turning as hateful as he did.

Browning's poetry gathered a small following, and, after the Crimean War ended in 1856, many of the growing Nihilist movement became attached to his rallying hatred rejecting authority and violent demand for change. Browning accepted an invitation to Russia from a collection of Nihilists who wanted to translate and set his poetry to violent music involving drums and fiddles. He stayed in Russia for over a decade before traveling to the United States to tour the destruction of the South in their Civil War. In his wake, an American Grunge movement followed among the disenfranchised young whites.

In 1873, he met with Mark Twain, who had invented a term “The Gilded Age”, which seemed to match Browning's contempt for the beautiful covering what was so obviously wrong. The meeting did not go well. After a loud roar, Browning stormed from the restaurant where he had met Twain, and the American writer explained that he simply could not endorse the unbridled rage. “Things just aren't that bad,” Twain told a reporter from the New York Times. Browning disagreed and continued to publish rancid poetry that incited riots during Reconstruction.

Browning would die in 1875 from an overdose of opium and morphine, and his movement would gradually return to the fringe of society. Anarchists of the next generation would continue to quote his poetry and emulate him by wearing trademark dingy plaid overcoats. With the invention of phonographs, recordings of Grunge music would inspire later generations of poets such as T.S. Eliot of “Wasteland” fame and Screamy Jazz lyricist and “singer” Ezra Pound.


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In reality, Elizabeth Barrett would agree to marry Robert Browning despite her father's opposition. They eloped to Italy together, where Elizabeth grew stronger. Their son Robert Weidemann Barrett Browning (nicknamed “Pen”) was born in 1849. She died in 1861, sorely depressed after the death of her sister, while Robert would live until 1889, traveling and writing prolifically in new Romantic form. Both poets would widely influence the poets of the future such as Eliot, Pound, and Emily Dickinson.

September 11, 1987 – 9/11 Terrorist Attacks

On August 26, 1987, President Ronald Reagan declared the upcoming September 11 as “Emergency Number Day” in recognition of the emergency workers of America as well as the success of the 9 - 1 - 1 phone system. In his proclamation, he called “upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities.” While most citizens made no more plans than an office party or a "thank you" to local firefighters or police, a lone man living in a cabin in Montana made note of the important date.

Theodore Kaczynski was a Harvard graduate in mathematics with a Ph.D. from University of Michigan. He had served two years as an assistant professor at Berkeley from the age of 25, but resigned to take up a self-sufficient lifestyle using survival techniques. Though bright and promising, Kaczynski had been distant with everyone through his life. As a child and young man, he had been through several studies related to autism or impotent rage, but Kaczynski seemed a normal, if quiet, intelligent guy.

While in his cabin, Kaczynski worked to study ways to become autonomous. The very little money he needed he made by working odd jobs such as at his father and brother's foam rubber plant, where he would be subsequently fired for harassing an ex-girlfriend fellow employee. As his life-experiment continued, it became obvious to him that he could not live this way with the increasing encroachment of modernity all around. In 1983, he walked to one of his favorite spots of wilderness to find that it had become a paved road. Later, he said, “You just can't imagine how upset I was. It was from that point on I decided that, rather than trying to acquire further wilderness skills, I would work on getting back at the system. Revenge.”

Kaczynski studied sociology, political philosophy, and began a career of sabotage even before the road. When he came upon that, Kaczynski knew reform for the modern industrial, technological world was impossible. He decided that society needed to be woken up; the alarm would be bombs. In 1978 and '79, he had mailed explosive devices to Northwestern University and American Airlines, though none had been injurious. As the FBI took over the case from the US Postal Inspectors, they dubbed him UNABOMB for UNiversity and Airline BOMber. More universities and a computer rental store were added to his list of victims, culminating in 1985 with four attacks and the death of Hugh Scrutton, the computer store owner. In 1987, he struck again at a Utah computer store, then decided to settle in hiding for a moment. However, upon word of Reagan's Emergency Day, Kaczynski decided to show the world the real emergency: itself.

Lining up over a dozen simultaneous attacks, many of which were delivered through the mail, Kaczynski also hand-delivered several packages in the early morning from a re-painted rental truck. Near noon, he drove the truck to the Stanford Research Park in Palo Alto, CA. Kaczynski left the truck loaded with homemade explosives on a timer, which exploded in the early afternoon, killing 28 and destroying research in the resulting electromagnetic pulse and fire. He disappeared into San Francisco and made his way back to his cabin while the country descended into panic.

As news coverage swallowed the networks and bolstered the ratings of the new Cable News Network, people looked for leadership. President Reagan addressed the nation that evening and again on September 20, putting forth the Homeland Security Act and the often-questioned Patriot Act for Congress that next year. Kaczynski would remain quiet, writing his manifesto, but his cabin would be raided by FBI in April, tipped off by his brother David recalling letters and clippings from Ted about the dangers of technology. Given a highly publicized trial, Kaczynski would give his ideas of the problems with modern society, but his argument was drowned out by the horrors of his attack. Kaczynski would be specially executed in 1989, just after his unfinished manuscript was published but scarcely read.

Security became a prime issue for Americans, suddenly seeing it everywhere in post offices, lines with guards at all museums, monuments, and public buildings, and, especially, at airports. Reagan's VP Bush would handily win the 1988 and 1992 elections riding on the support of government during this time. CIA and FBI investigations would develop new techniques of watching for suspicious activities, such as deporting Ramzi Yousef in 1992 who had entered on questionable credentials and ordered chemicals in New York, arresting anarchist Timothy McVeigh in 1995 after buying inordinate amounts of fertilizer in Kansas, and deporting a number of Arabic men in 2000 that had taken flight lessons after CIA warnings of an airborne attack.

While many critics note that America has become something of a police state, secure feelings and a call for change gradually filtered into the public, evidenced by the 1996 election of Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton. After being blamed for the Recession, the Democrats would fall to a Republican takeover in 2002, leading to the landslide election of George W. Bush in 2004.


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In reality, Ted Kaczynski would not attack again until 1993 after the 1987 murder of Hugh Scrutton. In 1995, he would ask that his completed, 35,000-word manifesto, Industrial Society and Its Future, be published, promising that doing so would put an end to his terrorism. In 1996, aided by comparisons in writing style with essays supplied by his brother David, the Unabomber would be arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment. Terrorism, both domestic and international, continue to haunt modern America.

September 10, 2008 – Large Hadron Collider Begins Creation of its Black Hole

Built with a budget of approximately US$9 billion, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN would become the world's most expensive scientific instrument. It was designed to settle many of the fundamental questions of science, specifically focusing on quantum mechanics as it intersects with general relativity. The scientific community readied for the discovery (or the ruling out) of the Higgs boson, which would confirm or dismiss a good many principles of mankind's understanding of gravity.

After thirteen years of development and construction since its initial grant, the LHC began its preliminary tests. Protons were fired counterclockwise around the enormous circular tube of the complex, completing a circuit in four-and-a-half hours, slowed by problems with the cryogenics. Technicians repaired the coolant systems in-service, and the cycle continued, gaining energy on each pass.

On September 19, the detectors registered a burst of energy followed by a continuous surge of temperature localized the spinning protons. Fearing that they may have had a magnet break off, engineers began to power down the system. As the protons slowed, however, the energy surge became more powerful. Not knowing what to think, CERN stopped the acceleration and simply kept the mass spinning in vacuum conditions. After days of analysis, the hypothesis was generally agreed: they had created a microscopic black hole.

It was smaller than microscopic, however, and really only the width of a few protons. The energy surge was the eruption of Hawking radiation from consumed matter. Ignorant panic had broken out about the possibility of the LHC creating a black hole, but the odds were preposterous, akin to all of the air molecules making quantum jumps to one side of the room long enough for a person on the other side to suffocate. Still, people gave concern, such as a lawsuit filed in Hawaii to stop the activation of the LHC and a girl in India poisoning herself so she would not have to see her village die as it was sucked into a black hole. No serious scientist believed it, and yet CERN now stood with a mini-black hole in its midst.

Directors kept the creation under wraps with only minor rumors leaked until the official inauguration on October 21. In the meantime, engineers worked to establish triple- and quadruple-redundant systems to ensure that the accelerator would keep going. If the black hole fell out of its vacuumed loop, it would probably over-eat and boil away. Or, it might continue as stable and grow, consuming the whole of the earth just as India's Chaya had feared.

With the announcement of the existence of the black hole to world dignitaries, guests, and the press on October 21, CERN also announced its plans for it. The hole would be studied, but it could also be used as an energy source: an instantaneous power generator. Free energy was as simple as slipping minute garbage into the stream and collecting the Hawking radiation for a reactor. A request for funding was submitted to turn CERN into a power plant.

The black hole seized the public eye. Protestors formed a vigil at the gates to CERN, calling for an end to the danger. Businesses worked to capitalize on the idea of free energy while scientists pondered if the creation of the black hole could be replicated. The UN debated its role in the affair and eventually decided to endorse CERN's idea but not fund it.

Completion of the CERN Black Hole Free Energy Generator, along with a method of radio-broadcast to deliver the energy, is estimated at 2027. Once completed, anyone on the Earth with a sufficient antenna would be able to power a vehicle, home, or shop at no cost. Until then, billions of dollars, pounds, euros, and yin are flowing into Switzerland while naysayers still call for elimination of what might become the ultimate environmental disaster: the destruction of Earth.


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In reality, the LHC shut down September 19 as a breakage in the magnets caused helium to pour into the accelerator. Repairs were estimated at two months, but it would not be until November 20, 2009, that the LHC became active again. As of November 30, 2009, it holds the record as the most powerful particle accelerator, smashing two beams at 1.18 TeV apiece (the old record being .98 TeV at Tevatron).

September 9, 1914 – Battle of Paris Begins

The opening battles of the World War had been sweeping victories for the German offensive. As they pressed past the Marne in early September, the British Expeditionary Force and the French Army fell back in covered retreats. Several of the German army commanders began to swerve to the southeast in pursuit of the Allies, but Chief of Staff Hulmuth von Moltke pushed them to aim directly for the war's goal: Paris.

Keeping lines tight, the Germans held the Eastern Flank and pressed west. The Allies launched a massive counter-attack on September 6 directly for General von Kluck's First Army. For two days, the Germans held and slaughtered oncoming Allied troops. On the 9th, the tide of battle turned, and von Kluck led fresh reinforcements in the press into Paris.

The week-long battle of Paris would cost hundreds of thousands of lives on both sides with bloody and unpredictable urban warfare. The French government would flee along with many of the civilians to Orléans, protected by French soldiers ferried by the famous Parisian taxicabs as they had been since the days of the Marne. Once Paris was taken on the 17th, the Germans assumed the French would call for armistice as they had in the Franco-Prussian War. However, seeing German troops in Paris only caused French nationalism to soar and thousands new soldiers to surge to the battlefield.

As the German advance ended, a Race to the Sea began with battles and trenches moving northward through France until reaching Amiens and then following the Somme to the English Channel. By winter, the Germans had secured Belgium and both sides sat down for a stalemate. While the Allies calculated their moves in the spring, the Kaiser pondered the fact that the French had not surrendered as he had anticipated. Battles had been extremely costly on both sides, and he did not want to see Germany weakened by years of fruitless warfare. When consulting Moltke, the Chief of Staff told Wilhelm, “Your Majesty, this war cannot be won.”

Wilhelm flew into a rage and fired Moltke for his lack of faith in Germany. He charged his replacement, von Falkenhayn, with determining a way to win the war. Falkenhayn battled with Generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff, eventually concocting a plan for a war of attrition. Recalling Moltke's warnings, Wilhelm rejected the plan.

The new German plan called for a defense in the West, using the new notions of trench warfare to keep the French and British at bay as well as combating numerous amphibious assaults on Belgian beaches. Falkenhayn conceded to the idea of pushing east, and the majority of the offense would be against Russia in 1915. Suffering terrible casualties, Russia would erupt into revolution and drop out of the war in 1916. Now turning back to focus on the Western Front, the Germans worked to break the British blockade, but their actions would only result in attacks upon American citizens, drawing the United States into the war.

In a massive Allied landing, Belgian liberation began and many of the German lines found themselves surrounded. The war turned against the Germans quickly, and American and British troops marched onto German soil while the French held much of their army in the trenches. Reeling, the German empire collapsed. At the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, the Allies would break up Germany into small states like they broke up the Austrian and Ottoman Empires.


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In reality, the First and Second Armies of Germany did swing southeast, allowing the Allies to launch a successful push in the Battle of the Marne. Von Kluck moved the First army in a swinging defense, but the action formed a massive gap that the British Expeditionary Force and the French exploited. Moltke saw the disaster and broke down, retiring from the army and dying of ill health just two years later. Wilhelm believed the war was still winnable (even declaring victory in 1916), and his commander Falkenhayn began the battle plans for a war of attrition that would ultimately end with the surrender of Germany.

September 8, 1492 – Survivor of Columbus Expedition Found

A fishing boat north of the Canary Islands spotted a man clinging to a barrel in the midst of waves. They managed to him aboard, and, after several hours' rest, the delirious man told his story, saying that the small fleet sent with the Italian Cristoforo Colombo had met with disaster. He gave a wild tale of an enormous sea serpent destroying the ships, a tale which he continued relating after returning to the taverns of the Canaries in trade for drinks.

While some superstitious sailors believed the stories, others were suspicious of the Portuguese caravels that had been spotted nearby. Portugal denied any involvement, but the caravels had disappeared shortly after Columbus. Other rumors suspected a sudden storm while still more suggested that the man had simply jumped ship. However, as winter came and years passed, it was obvious that Columbus and his ships were not going to return.

Christopher's brother Bartholomew Columbus continued to press the French King Charles VIII to support an expedition even after Christopher's disappearance, but the French had lost the Italian War and incurred major debts. Moving along, the younger Columbus returned to England where Henry VII had once offered marginal support for the lost expedition, but too late as Christopher had already promised to sail for Isabella and Spain. After several years, Bartholomew managed to convince Henry to give £50 toward the expedition, which was more than the Royal Council advised. Taking whatever he could get, Bartholomew followed the pledge with gathering pledges from others while stressing that they would please the king because of their support.

In 1499, in a single, well-stocked ship called Mary, Bartholomew set sail from Bristol and headed southwest, following the wind and mimicking his lost brother's course. While he dreamed of finding Christopher perhaps shipwrecked or living on some paradisaical island, no evidence of the former expedition was found. Instead, they came across a chain of islands that Bartholomew initially took for Japan. After comparing the local Carib with what he and the other sailors knew of the Japanese, Bartholomew realized that they had come across something wholly uncharted.

After a lengthy stay charting the islands, Columbus's men discovered natives willing to trade gold on a large island they would call Anglandia. Leaving a station of eight men to build a fort, Columbus loaded his ship with spices, gold, and local goods and returned to England by a northern route. Upon his return in 1502, Columbus was knighted and granted governorship of this “New England” as well as promises for handsome rewards as trade became lucrative.

Within a few years, England began domination of the Caribbean. The Portuguese would launch their own expeditions with noted cartographer Amerigo Vespucci more to the south, while the Spanish would directly challenge the English by settling northward. Henry VIII dedicated his rule to securing the west, fighting numerous naval wars until finally dominating North Columbia above the Isthmus with a treaty giving South Columbia to the Portuguese. The Dutch and Spanish would have minor colonies while France went far north to monopolize the fur-trade.

Upon the conquest of the Aztecs by Sir Walter Raleigh, the English found themselves with a seemingly unending source of income from the Columbias. The resulting wealth fueled the growing problems between Protestants and Catholics as well as Parliamentarians and Royalists, tearing the country apart over the course of the seventeenth century. In the eighteenth century, the English Golden Age would come to an end, eclipsed by growing French, Portuguese, and Dutch supremacy.


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In reality, Christopher Columbus's expedition west would fail to find a route to Asia but succeed in discovering the Western Hemisphere. Spain grew mighty with American gold, though its investment in wars against Protestants, specifically the Dutch, would give no lasting base for Spanish power. Later British settlement in North America as well as in Africa and Asia would contribute to the nation becoming the World Power of the nineteenth century.

September 7, 1776 – Turtle Sinks Eagle

In the wee hours of the morning in New York Harbor, an explosion tore through the hull of the HMS Eagle, Admiral Richard Howe's flagship. Though carpenters and crew rushed to save the vessel, it sank, carrying twenty-five men with it while the rest fled to shore and nearby ships. The British suspected an accident with the stored gunpowder, but two more explosions sank ships the next night. Eventually word came from old notes provided by a Loyalist spy that the Americans had a sort of “sub-marine” attack ship.

The Turtle had been invented by the young Yale student David Bushnell. While a freshman, he had begun experiments with underwater explosives, proving that gunpowder exploded underwater. He sought help from Isaac Doolittle, a New Haven clockmaker, and created the first time bomb. To implement the explosive on the hulls of ships, Bushnell designed a boat that could dive under the water. Something like an upturned clam, the one-man boat was made of two steel-reinforced wooden shells covered in tar. A hand pump and bilge tank allowed the intake and expulsion of water, thus increasing or decreasing the density of the craft and allowing it to sink. Six small windows allowed for bearings along with a compass lit by the bioluminescence of foxfire from fungus on cork.

Called the Turtle, the boat was manned by Sergeant Ezra Lee, who would later become part of Washington's secret service. Dodging the iron plate at the Eagle's rudder, Lee was able to secure the bomb and sneak away before spotted by soldiers. As the watch increased around the panicked British fleet, the Turtle was too easily discovered, so Washington set Bushnell on the task of improvements. The general referred to the craft as “an effort of genius” that had much promise for the future.

While improving the Turtle, copies of which had success in New York, Boston, and Baltimore through the course of the war, Bushnell was also made Captain in the Corps of Sappers and Miners. Explosives he devised helped push the British to surrender during the Siege of Yorktown. After the war, Bushnell traveled to France where he met with inventors Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson with his letter of introduction from Washington. While Franklin was more enthused with the Parisian balloon launches, Jefferson became captivated by Bushnell's ideas. Bushnell returned to America and took up teaching until 1800, when he was called up by Jefferson to build up America's naval forces. A fleet of short-range submarines launched from important ports seemed perfect to the defense-minded president.

Bushnell was made a Captain of the Navy and began implementing Jefferson's defense plan. His submarines, now in a steel shell with improved diving, longer range and higher speed, as well as a “periscope” invented by Jefferson himself, populated the key harbors of America. While the Marines would show the naval prowess of America during the destruction of the Barbary pirates in Jefferson's term, Bushnell's Turtles would be pivotal defense in the War of 1812, keeping much of Britain's navy at sea and minimizing coastal raiding.

Bushnell died in 1824, and his Turtle designs were scarcely updated until the Civil War when ironclad ships began to dominate naval battles. With improved torpedoes, new Turtles were able to dive under ironclads and attack their weaker bellies. The South made effective use of Turtles combating the North's blockade, prompting the US to develop anti-Turtle detection techniques, some precursors to sonar. Shipborne Turtles would also play major roles in the naval battles of the Spanish-American War.

Upon the entry of the United States into World War I, US submarines carried out hunting of the German U-boats that had plagued Allied shipping. Sonar was more fully developed and shared among Allies, causing a push for defensive science to improve subs' ability to hide. By World War II, submarine warfare was doing for undersea combat what aircraft carriers did for above the waves. German u-boat-mounted V-2 rockets, for example, were used for several hit-and-run attacks against the Eastern Seaboard.

Since the Cold War, submarine technology has continued to improve to the point boats can stay underwater for as long as crew morale can endure hibernation techniques while automation and water-class Predator drones patrol the seas.


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In reality, Lee's attack on the Eagle did not succeed. He was unable to pierce the hull and had been spotted by soldiers on Governor's Island. Aiming the explosives for a rowboat sent to inspect, Lee escaped. While the soldiers stayed away from the bomb, it did explode spectacularly. Bushnell made subsequent experiments with drifting explosives, but his technology ultimately did not succeed as it required, to quote Washington, “a combination of too many things” to work.

September 6, 1901 – President McKinley Dodges Assassin's Bullet

While shaking hands at the Pan-American Exposition, William McKinley met with the anarchist Leon Czolgosz, who slapped his extended hand aside. The would-be assassin raised his hand wrapped in a handkerchief like a bandage and fired two shots from a hidden revolver. McKinley, reeling from the impertinence of slapping aside the president's hand, took a half-step sideways. One bullet grazed his ribs while the other cut a thin line across his torso but did little more than pierce the skin.

Secret Service agents, who had been distracted by a tall black man they knew had been recently laid-off from an exposition restaurant, immediately pounced upon Czolgsoz. As he was being dragged away, several members of the enraged crowd struck him until McKinley gave the shout, “Don't let them hurt him!” The president's forgiveness was noted in papers across the country, especially in the anarchist's trial when Czolgosz was given a life sentence of hard labor instead of the death penalty.

The rest of McKinley's presidency was hardly as exciting, and his vice-president Theodore Roosevelt continued the Republican Progressive Era with his election in 1904. During his two terms (1905-13) he would be responsible for actions such as the expedition of the Great White Fleet, the construction of the Panama Canal in northern Columbia (the rights for which McKinley's administration had paid Columbia $25,000,000), negotiating the end to the Russo-Japanese War, and breaking up many of the US's overbearing monopolies. In 1912, the Republicans would continue in the White House with Roosevelt's vice-president Taft winning the election against New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson.

With war in Europe in 1914, Roosevelt would return from his safari in Africa and press America to take part. Taft would disagree publicly, and the country would be divided between them. Many Republicans wanted nothing to do with a European war while those with Roosevelt were ready to charge into the fray like a “Bull Moose.” With the Republicans crippling themselves, Wilson would take to the campaign trail. By 1916, however, the Republican committee solved its division with Charles Hughes taking the presidency, Taft being prepared for the Supreme Court, and Roosevelt readying a potential expedition if the war did come to America.

In 1917, the war did come with the Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico. Roosevelt led the American Expeditionary Forces aided by General John J. Pershing. By the war's end, Roosevelt's opinion of the honors and glories of wars would change, and he would retire from politics permanently. Americans would take up a similar opinion and leave Europe to itself, which created an especially crippling Treaty of Versailles for the Central Powers. With a sense of blame for the war, the Republican Progressive Era would come to an end with Democrat James Cox coming to the White House in 1920 with his VP Franklin Roosevelt, a distant cousin of Theodore.

Their campaign had been a “Return to Normalcy,” though the following decade would be one of unprecedented economic and social growth. With the fall in 1929 and the Great Depression, the Democrats would find blame of their own despite then-president FDR's Works Progress Administration. Voters would turn back to Republicans with Herbert Hoover and his many alleviation projects, but his “do it yourself” ideals backfired as people looked to improve life in America through unity and strength, just as the nations of Italy and Germany had done in becoming fascist.


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In reality, William McKinley was killed by the assassin Czolgosz. The second bullet pierced McKinley's stomach, kidney, and pancreas. With limited surgical facilities at the exposition, doctors were unable to remove the bullet. The president would die of gangrene in the early hours of September 14, 1901. Czolgosz was executed by electric chair October 29.