Oct 31, 305 - Picts Trick Romans on Samhain

Constantius Chlorus, Augustus of the western Roman Empire alongside Galerius in the east, faced a humiliating defeat at the hands of Pictish Celts while campaigning north of Hadrian's Wall, largely ending the Constantine line.

The Roman forces had advanced past the Firth of Forth, razing villages and sending refugees ever deeper into lands where the harvest was already beginning to wane. As the native population became more desperate, the Romans grew better stocked by ransacking the provisions that fleeing Picts had left behind. One band of warriors determined the best way to end the Roman advance would be assassination: this unstoppable army would be tossed into chaos and at best hurry to retreat to winter quarters.

The warriors chose to strike during the festival of Samhain. While Roman eyes were dazzled by the bonfires lit to keep wicked spirits at bay, a small group of Pict soldiers adopted the ancient practice of guising: wearing a masked costume to approach a neighbor's house. Under the half-moon, they roamed wearing cow heads and hides amid a small herd of stray cattle, which was eagerly snatched up by Roman scouts. Once inside the Roman camp, the band evaded sentries long enough to make it to the luxurious tents of the augustus and his generals. There they shrieked and attacked, slaying all they could reach before Roman swords cut them down.

While tactically questionable, the attack did have profound strategic value. The son of Constantius by his first wife, Constantinus, was among the dead. His father, himself ill, announced the retreat to Eboracum (today's York) to mourn. It was a bitter turn of irony as Constantinus had joined the campaign to escape the courts of Rome where he feared other contenders might be planning to eliminate him. By January, the brokenhearted father also passed, leaving behind two younger sons from his second wife who would join ranks with their uncle Maxentius on his rise to sole domination of the Roman Empire. Maxentius devoted himself to public works projects, emphasizing acceptance in polytheism of numerous gods of northern Europe and west Asia while remaining critical of the monotheistic Christians (although not as fervent in persecution as his predecessor Diocletian).

The ongoing Roman turmoil was far from the Picts in the north, who found a degree of peace from Roman incursion as the German tribes grew and began to ransack the Mediterranean. The Germanic Anglo-Saxons soon moved into the isles in conquest of the Britons, but the Picts were able to hold them off at the Battle of Dun Nechtain in 685. Nothing, however, could stop the onslaught by Norse vikings, which changed the face of Britain forever, much as the Romans had done before. However, just as with the Romans, the native populations stayed on even as the conquerors themselves declined.

Descendants of the Picts live on in communities all over the world, still celebrating Samhain alongside many neighbors who have their own observances of the days growing shorter. Many of the customs among the bonfires connect to good luck or making mischief. Spooky-faced lanterns are made by carving out turnips or gourds. Players compete in being the first to bite an apple from a tub of water or a scone suspended by a string. More serious observers meet with the presiding druids in the sacred groves for a night of divination while the veil to the spirit world is at its thinnest.

Most popular of all customs is guising, in which children in costumes go house-to-house asking for sweets or coins. Upon answering the door, the children cry the traditional, "Hullo, Constantine!" The people of the house then assure them they are not Romans and give out the goodies.



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In reality, Constantius's campaign was largely ineffectual. He died afterward, endorsing Constantine as his successor. Rome soon broke into civil war with Maxentius, whom Constantine defeated at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. Constantine pushed the Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity, which would become the state religion in 391 under the Theodosius I. Samhain and similar holidays would be replaced with All Hallows' Eve, although many of the practices continue much the same as they have for thousands of years.

October 31, 1908 - Olympics Conclude with Spiritualist Competition

Having lasted over six months since April, the third modern Olympic Games would be the longest ever held. It was packed with memorable moments, such as British runner Wyndham Halswelle winning a walkover gold in the re-run 400 meter race, his three American competitors refusing to participate since the call for re-running was based on unclear rules. In other debated events, the first runner to complete the marathon, Italian Dorando Pietri, was disqualified since he entered the stadium in a daze and ran the last leg backwards. No one questioned the success of Swede Oscar Swahn, who at 60 years old won gold in shooting and would become the oldest gold medalist ever at 64 in the 1912 Olympics. He returned for the 1920 Olympics at age 72 to set another record as the oldest athlete ever to compete in the games.

A young medium displays how high she can be levitated.

Other notable activities at the games included exhibitions of sports such as dueling and figure skating. None, however, would be as memorable as the display of spiritualism in which competitors worked with trained teams of spirits to give the most incredible demonstration of ghostly activity.

While contact with the dead occurs in ancient writings and oral traditions to time immemorial, modern spiritualism evolved out of the religious reform taking place in the United States during the 1840s. Disappointed in the establishment for its lack of voice against slavery, freethinkers went as far as calling for women’s rights and humane care for sufferers of mental illness. Out of this movement, young Kate and Margaret Fox of Hydesville, New York, reported that they had been able to communicate with a spirit. Their fame grew but was soon eclipsed by Cora Scott, who began lecture circuits while the Fox Sisters had primarily held séances to a select few guests. Many other mediums began appearing on the popular stage throughout the nation and abroad, especially before the famous Ghost Club of London, directed at scientific investigations of ghostly phenomena.

For a generation, the western world was divided on the issue of contact with spirits. Many religious figures held it as witchcraft, spurring backlash that fed into several riots in major cities and the countryside. Skeptics spotted numerous frauds, but the 1887 Seybert Commission determined to the best of its judgment that about half their cases of rapping, spirit photography, and objects moved by unseen hands were genuine. Over time, it became a standard affair to contact a love one who had passed or attend a display of spiritualist feats as one might a circus. Famed magician Harry Houdini made a second career as an investigator for the FBI, discerning true mediums from those who were illusionists practicing tricks.

The spiritualism exhibition in 1908 featured several categories in which mediums competed. Mediums were judged on how high they could be levitated into the air, how loudly a prompted spirit could knock, and by the amount of ectoplasm produced by weight. Many brought their preferred spirits along with them, while others hoped to do their best with whoever might be wandering around the other side at the time.

Although such exhibitions would not be included in future Olympics, contact with the spirit world continued to be an important aspect of the twentieth century, especially following the large numbers of dead in the First World War. Most of the Olympic committee’s attention toward ghosts was in the search for frauds, such as the case in 1928 when Oscar Swahn returned, one year after his death, for another silver medal in shooting by possessing a younger athlete.

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In reality, the Fox Sisters stated that their activities were a prank, with their infamous “rappings” actually being the popping of toe joints. Every case reviewed by the Seybert Commission was found to be a hoax.

October 25, 1931 - Edison’s ‘Spirit Phone’ First Demonstrated

One week after his own death, Thomas Edison proved himself once more to be an incredible inventor. Using a device he had worked on in secret for a decade, his assistants were able to contact Edison beyond the grave. An astounded crowd of press and socialites heard the first public words sent via Spirit Phone, fittingly those of its own creator, “It is very beautiful over here!”

Edison had managed a legendary career as an inventor and businessman. After being fired from his telegraph job for an electric battery experiment gone awry that destroyed his boss’s desk, Edison pursued his passions in creating new devices, including the quadraplex telegraph (1874), a phonograph (1877), an incandescent lightbulb (1879). Through the years, Edison would collect over one thousand patents, many focusing on improving technology and creating a new way of life for millions of people around the globe.

Toward the end of his own life, Edison became more philosophical. He wrote a commentary entitled “Spiritualism,” analyzing facets of the paranormal movement that had once more seized the public interest. While skeptics like Harry Houdini worked to disprove frauds, Edison stated that he did believe that “our personality hereafter will be able to affect matter.” Echoing the laws of conservation of matter and energy, Edison held that “life is undestructable.” He described a constant amount of “life units” on the planet, which would be broken apart upon death and reshuffled as “swarms” that made up aspects of every plant, animal, thought, and memory in the world.

Although Edison’s perceived seat of human personality in the Broca’s Area of the brain proved to be questionable, the Spirit Phone did show that souls lived on. Those who had recently passed away were contacted easily enough for final farewells. Those who had died long ago, however, seemed to have already been shuffled into absence. Teams of curious historians brought the Spirit Phone to reportedly haunted castles and churches, competing to find the oldest entity still able to communicate. Firsthand accounts from events centuries before soon became readily available.

The Spirit Phone proved instrumental to police, who were able to solve numerous murders simply by dialing up the victim for a statement. Soon each major police station had its own Spirit Phone and trained operator to summon potential witnesses. Prosecutors had more difficulty gaining convictions in court as recordings were often questioned or thrown out altogether. Further court matters arose when spirits sought to amend their wills and yet were legally dead, thus not having property rights.

Religious figures denounced the Spirit Phone despite its success in having past relatives use passwords or citing memories no one else could know about. Counterarguments suggested that the phone was being tampered with by demonic forces. Others held the phone as an ever more elaborate hoax. Edison himself had been called an atheist for years, although he routinely described his beliefs in the Supreme Intelligence.

In 1933, the newly deceased Fourteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet gave a limited address via Spirit Phone to discourage its use. He stated that the device prompted entities to remain tied to the mortal realm rather than passing on to become one with eternity, which would tip the delicate balance of life and death. Following the development of ghost-driven machines due to the need for manpower in World War II, many living people began to agree with him, although few would readily give up the Spirit Phone outright.

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In reality, the invention is largely said to be myth, especially by the Edison Estate, who claim to have not seen any evidence of designs or prototypes in any of Edison’s work despite an interview in the October 1920 issue of Forbes magazine that he was working on such a device. Edison himself told the New York Times in 1926, “I really had nothing to tell him, but I hated to disappoint him, so I thought up this story about communicating with spirits, but it was all a joke.” Through the years, many other electronic devices often nicknamed “ghost boxes” have claimed to be able to communicate with the spirit realm. Skeptics remain unconvinced while believers feel that the human spirit can indeed affect electromagnetic fields and thus speak from beyond the grave.